One of the daily news on media is climate change and global warming. Global warming impacts more on Arctic area, because the rate of warming is about two times more than the rest of the earth. There is interaction between sea ice changes and climate temperature. More sea ice results in cooler weather temperature because of its high reflection. Warmer temperature melts sea ice. Sea ice declining has some impacts on Arctic area and therefore Svalbard as an Arctic Island. The study area of this thesis is Spitsbergen, located on the West coast of Svalbard. In the past there was sea ice on close to the island in the winter, sea ice reduction created a distance between sea ice and island. This distance is long enough to allow wave forms as a result of west east storms in some years. The storm carries the sand to the island ashore and makes ridges which block the outlet of the catchment. It makes the water level rise during next summer which damages the habitant. Active layer is the depth of soil surface that thaws and freezes every year. It also makes the active layer deeper. A huge erosion also happens when the ridges breaks as the result of water pressure. The importance of active layer is the methane which is a gas that causes climate change, it is being emitted to atmosphere as the result of its thawing. Storm ridge formation and active layer changes, in Fyrsjöen Lake research catchment on the west coast of the main island Spitsbergen, where two factors which their relation were studied with Arctic sea ice changes and West-East wind speed and weather temperature. The research was done according to some previously recorded data by Jonas Åkerman, and national snow and ice data centre (NSIDC) data about sea Ice area and extent, wind and temperature information was provided by Norwegian metrology institute.
It was concluded that storm ridge occurrence is correlated with sea ice area, sea ice extent and also inversely correlated with the number of months that there is a distance more than 100 km between sea ice catchment. The important point was sea ice extent between 12 to 12.2 million km2. By decreasing sea ice extent from 12.2 to 12 m km2 the probability of storm ridge occurrence raises sharply. There is a break point also in relation between sea ice extent and sea ice area in 12.2 mkm2, the sea ice area rises as the sea ice extent raises, when sea ice extent reaches around 12.2 mkm2, the sea ice area decreases sharply then stars to increase again with a smaller slope than before.
There is turning point also in relation between total Arctic sea ice and global weather temperature, increasing sea ice extent results in decreasing global weather temperature but when sea ice extent reaches to 12.2 mkm2, global weather increase also. Further studies should be done about these important numbers in sea ice extent.
Storm ridge occurrence is also highly correlated with global weather temperature. It was concluded that with this increasing rate of global warming, the probability of storm ridge occurrence is more than 90 percent. It is obvious that storm ridge is not a direct result of global warming. Global warming influences on other factors that result in storm ridge.
There is correlation between the numbers of west-east winds with storm ridge, the more the number of the winds causes the more the probability of storm ridge.
Active layer is inversely correlated with sea ice extent, the more sea ice extent, the shorter the active layer. There is also a turning point where decreasing sea ice extent dos not increase active layer, it is around 12 mkm2. Active layer is also correlated with sea ice distance from the catchment. The longer the distance from the catchment causes warmer temperature which cases the deeper active layer according to this research. Active layer is highly correlated with total degree day. It was also concluded that flood which is a result of storm ridge, makes that active layer deeper.
Flooding the catchment as a result of storm ridge has some impacts on bird breeding in the catchment. It reduces the number of birds as a result of damaging their nests.
citation: Akerman, J. H., 2008, Coastal Processes and Their Influence Upon Discharge Characteristics of the Strokdammane Plain, West Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Proceedings of the Ninth Interna-tional Conference on Permafrost; P:19-24, University of Alaska Fairbanks
Khajeh Abdollahi, M. H., 2010, Arctic sea ice variability and effects Ashore geomorphological, hydrological and ecologi-cal within the Fyrsjöen catchment, west coast of Svalbard, Msc thesis, Lund University and ITC (the Netherlands): 2010-6, 94 pages.
It was concluded that storm ridge occurrence is correlated with sea ice area, sea ice extent and also inversely correlated with the number of months that there is a distance more than 100 km between sea ice catchment. The important point was sea ice extent between 12 to 12.2 million km2. By decreasing sea ice extent from 12.2 to 12 m km2 the probability of storm ridge occurrence raises sharply. There is a break point also in relation between sea ice extent and sea ice area in 12.2 mkm2, the sea ice area rises as the sea ice extent raises, when sea ice extent reaches around 12.2 mkm2, the sea ice area decreases sharply then stars to increase again with a smaller slope than before.
There is turning point also in relation between total Arctic sea ice and global weather temperature, increasing sea ice extent results in decreasing global weather temperature but when sea ice extent reaches to 12.2 mkm2, global weather increase also. Further studies should be done about these important numbers in sea ice extent.
Storm ridge occurrence is also highly correlated with global weather temperature. It was concluded that with this increasing rate of global warming, the probability of storm ridge occurrence is more than 90 percent. It is obvious that storm ridge is not a direct result of global warming. Global warming influences on other factors that result in storm ridge.
There is correlation between the numbers of west-east winds with storm ridge, the more the number of the winds causes the more the probability of storm ridge.
Active layer is inversely correlated with sea ice extent, the more sea ice extent, the shorter the active layer. There is also a turning point where decreasing sea ice extent dos not increase active layer, it is around 12 mkm2. Active layer is also correlated with sea ice distance from the catchment. The longer the distance from the catchment causes warmer temperature which cases the deeper active layer according to this research. Active layer is highly correlated with total degree day. It was also concluded that flood which is a result of storm ridge, makes that active layer deeper.
Flooding the catchment as a result of storm ridge has some impacts on bird breeding in the catchment. It reduces the number of birds as a result of damaging their nests.
citation: Akerman, J. H., 2008, Coastal Processes and Their Influence Upon Discharge Characteristics of the Strokdammane Plain, West Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Proceedings of the Ninth Interna-tional Conference on Permafrost; P:19-24, University of Alaska Fairbanks
Khajeh Abdollahi, M. H., 2010, Arctic sea ice variability and effects Ashore geomorphological, hydrological and ecologi-cal within the Fyrsjöen catchment, west coast of Svalbard, Msc thesis, Lund University and ITC (the Netherlands): 2010-6, 94 pages.
هیچ نظری موجود نیست:
ارسال یک نظر